Notes on Cell Components

  >   Rahul's Noteblog   >   Notes on Anatomy   >   Notes on Cell Components

Types of chromatin:

• Heterochromatin: condensed, inactive.

• Euchromatin: extended, active.

RER Functions:

• Synthesize proteins destined for Golgi apparatus.

SER Functions:

• Steroid synthesis, hydroxylation, conjugation (transfer of polar groups from active carrier UDP-glucuronic acid to toxic water-insoluble molecules).

• Removal of phosphate group from G6P; controls glucose levels; gluconeogenesis.

• Lipolysis and sequestration and release of Ca ions.

Golgi apparatus functions:

• Post-translational modifications and sorting of new proteins.

• Further modifications of glycoproteins.

Golgi apparatus dysfunction:

Hyperproinsulinemia:

• A peptidase cannot cleave proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide; insulin deficiency.

I-Cell disease:

• Deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-phosphotransferase causes absence of mannose-6-phophate on hydrolases results in their secretion rather than their incorporation into lysosomes.

Lysosomes:

• Low pH.

• Primary: empty.

• Secondary: formed by fusion of primary lysosomes with substrates to be degraded.

Peroxisomes:

• Synthesis/degradation of H2O2.

• Beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids.

• Phospholipid exchange.

• Bile acid synthesis.

Mitochondria:

• Synthesize ATP; contain their own circular dsDNA, and create some of their own proteins.

• Outer membrane: abundant in porins.

• Inner membrane contains enzymes for ETC and oxidative phosphorylation.

• Matrix generates NADH and FADH2 for use in ETC.

Microtubules:

• Structural support, axonal transport.

• Make cilia.

Tubulin:

• Microtubule synthesis and assembly; kinesin and dynein-related transport, ciliary and flagellar movement.

• Tubulin gives rise to microtubules, which give rise to cilia.

Intermediate filaments:

• Structural roles.

Microfilaments:

• Movements.

• Composed of actin and myosin.

• Inhibited by actin-binding drugs.

• Make microvilli.

Cilia:

• 2+9 structure.

• Propulsion of particles in one direction.

Additional Notes:

• Bright red blood: cyanide poisoning.

• Anaerobic metabolism: cytoplasm.

• Oncocytes: large # of mitochondria.

• Nuclear membrane is formed from RER after cell-division.

• ETC enzymes: mitochondrial cristae.

• Microfilaments: actin + myosin.

• Tyrosine kinases: involved in DNA synthesis.

• Bcl-2: found in mitochondria.

• Phosphorylation of serine residues on cyclines: tumor cells.

Additional Reading:

Histology and Cytology

1. Cell Components
2. Nervous Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Lymphoid Tissue
5. Integument
6. Respiratory System
7. Gastrointestinal System
8. Renal/Urinary System
9. Male Reproductive System
10. Female Reproductive System

Gross Anatomy

1. Back and Nervous System
2. Thorax
3. Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum
4. Upper Limb
5. Lower Limb
6. Head and Neck
7. Chest Wall
8. Shoulder

Anatomy Videos

1. Video of Musculoskeletal Examination in a Clinical Setting
1. Video of HEENT Examination in a Clinical Setting

Related Topics

1. Jugular Venous Distention Workup

Medical Images

Useful Medical Images & Diagrams (link opens in a new window)

Random Pages:

My Experience during the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Video of American Robin feeding her chicks
Video of me playing Hagood Hardy`s "Children of the Dream" Notes on Muscle Tissue
Notes on Osteology of Pectoral Region What is Folliculitis?
Notes on Energy Metabolism Notes on Hypothesis Testing
Differentiation of the Face Notes on Digestion
Notes on Basic Gastrointestinal Physiology What is Time?
Pictures of old Kuwaiti Dinars What is an ELEK`s Test?
Why did I decide to become a doctor? Medical School Admissions Essay Video: Titanic Piano Theme: The Portrait
Corporate Failure: The Enron Case My Experience during the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
USMLE Blood Lab Values Regulation of Heart Rate by Autonomic Nervous System
Images of Antibodies Video of me playing Titanic Piano Theme: The Portrait
Notes on Muscle Tissue Differentiation and Anatomy of a Blastocyst
Notes on Cell Components Notes on Nervous Tissue
Voices from Hell: My Experience in Mussoorie, India Video of Cardiology Examination in a Clinical Setting

Please Do Not Reproduce This Page

This page is written by Rahul Gladwin. Please do not duplicate the contents of this page in whole or part, in any form, without prior written permission.